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Is there research on hydrogen use in combustion turbines, specifically as a single fuel in the turbine? The project in question plans use a high hydrogen fuel (refinery gas or similar, typically with 50-60% H2) in the turbine. There seems to be no experience in the turbine industry with starting and stopping a machine on hydrogen. Consequently, everyone is more than slightly gun shy about the potential for undesired consequences.

This is an interesting question because of the special considerations associated with the H2-air mixture flashback scenario during turbine startup and shutdown. In-line deflagration arresters and detonation arresters for H2-air mixtures are different than those for most other fuels and need to be certified for use with hydrogen. They are commercially available, and NFPA 69 has a good chapter…

Category: Miscellaneous

Keywords: Combustion Turbine, Mixed Gas

Has a fall test been done for a 6.8 ltr 30 MPa type IV tank from a 100 mtr/300 ft height in the past? What would be the standard for hydrogen fueling tanks installation in UAVs? How many g would be a good norm for the construction of the tank cradles? 35g has been mentioned for a space craft. A very old NASA standard is available but does not provide much information on the AIAA side. For IMO guidelines, the project in question uses 5g as the norm. For storing cargo in transport cargo planes per IATA, it is 2g. As not a lot of information is available, the decision has been made to pursue an independent fall test with a 6.8 ltr cylinder with regulator, filled with hydrogen. One member of the standard committee (NEN) will assist in the process. The setup will include a 500-fps fast camera and all fragment screens will be set. Any recommendations/ideas about the setup?

ASTM might be the best point of contact for crafting this test. The ASTM F38 Committee on Unmanned Aircraft Systems is probably the best source of information on drone airworthiness criteria. They have a subcommittee developing a standard on fuel cell drone safety. One Panel member has been involved in a test with an LD vehicle tank filled with hydrogen that was dropped 60m onto a concrete pad…

Category: Miscellaneous

Keywords: Cylinder, Drop Test

Are there guidelines for converting LNG ships into H2-driven ones? The project in question uses hydrogen as fuel in combination with fuel cells (partly for the hotel load or for smaller vessels even for propulsion).

LNG storage, plumbing, and other systems can’t be directly retrofitted to handle hydrogen. The LNG components and systems will need to be removed and replaced with equipment specifically designed for hydrogen. If the concept is to convert existing equipment or an existing ship, then it’s probably impossible. If it’s to convert an existing LNG design on paper, then it’s probably impractical.…

Category: Miscellaneous

Keywords: Conversion, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Equipment, System Design, Materials, Construction

What information or resources are available regarding ignited H2 jets impinging on H2 tanks and the resulting failure rates, failure mode and potential impacts? Of high concern to the project in question are sustained, ignited H2 jets from non-isolatable fittings impinging on steel H2 storage. The severity of a sustained H2 jet on a type 4 tanks (with only a PSV) appears to be very high. Given the failure/leak rates from HyRAM combined with the station layouts, the findings thus far indicate that the risk with H2 jets impinging on type 4 tanks can be above ALARP, requiring engineering safeguards. How much more resistance would steel tanks have compared to type 4 tanks?

Type 1 steel tanks can be cut with a welding torch, so they can definitely be impacted by flame impingement. Above 400-500 C° the material properties of steel will start to degrade.

It is challenging to protect a vessel, either Type 1 steel or composite Type 2, 3, or 4 from an impinging fire since the safety devices may not see the elevated temperatures in the area of impingement.…

Category: Miscellaneous

Keywords: Jet Fire, Flame, Damage

Are there construction or safety standards that spell out the requirements for bringing in hydrogen, liquid nitrogen, oxygen, and butane into a new, unoccupied building for commissioning? The building in question has temporary life safety and fire suppression measures in place, but the fire alarm system is currently not active. Most information in Chapter 33 of the California Fire Code (and chapters referenced therein), NFPA 55, and NFPA 2 seems to apply to occupied spaces/buildings and not new construction or unoccupied buildings under construction.

It is common to have combustible materials and fuels in a building during construction activities. Commissioning is typically considered part of construction. It is good to see that fire suppression is available. However, given the lack of alarm capabilities, it would seem prudent to have a fire watch posted when hazardous materials are present or being used. Regarding requirements, the…

Category: Miscellaneous

Keywords: Safety, Building, Construction

Where can one find safety information on stationary PEM fuel cells, including areas of concern (e.g., H2 leakage across membrane or out of the cell) and applicable codes and standard? Is there a set of documents?

In addition to ANSI/CSA FC1-2014, search for fuel cells in the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Codes & Standards
or H2Tools Bibliography sections.

Category: Miscellaneous

Keywords: Safety, Stationary, Fuel Cells

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