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Explosions, Fueling Stations

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Explosions, Fueling Stations

I am communicating with a company that is exploring this technology for an application involving a mixture of flammable gases, including hydrogen.

Category: Explosions

There is limited published research on the effect of water sprays on hydrogen deflagrations and deflagration-to-detonation transition, and more extensive data on water spray effects on hydrocarbon gas explosions. The results show the benefits, where there are benefits, to be highly scenario dependent. For example, Carlson et al. (Atomics International report, 1973) described hydrogen…

Category: Explosions

The lesson learned (LL) article referenced in the question cites an incident that occurred in December 1969. While there may have been other accidents, the HSP does not have any other LL articles on alkaline water electrolysis explosions. In the LL article that was updated in 2017, the technology described employs a potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte solution. The KOH electrolyte is held by…

Category: Explosions

No, but it is always necessary to determine the possibility of an adverse chemical reaction with the particular material being used for the mesh.

Category: Explosions

The Panel has not received such inquiries. Section 14.2 of NFPA 69 Standard for Explosion Prevention Systems covers foam and mesh requirements. NFPA 69 states in 14.3.4 that the tests shall be conducted with a flammable gas/air mixture with a fundamental burning velocity representative of the burning velocities of flammable vapors expected in the intended applications.

Category: Explosions

Explosion testing with hydrogen should be utilized only where there is not an established alternative and then only by personnel experienced in such testing. 
Testing with hydrogen is always a challenge and needs to be approached carefully due to significant differences in properties between hydrogen and propane. Hydrogen can develop significantly higher overpressures and preliminary…

Category: Explosions

There are two parts for such a system to be effective. First, the system would have to activate quickly enough to establish a water mist throughout the region of interest (i.e., region occupied by a flammable gas mixture) before it could be ignited. This is challenging in terms of timing, and the impact of spraying water inside an enclosure filled with equipment not designed to get wet can be…

Category: Explosions

If liquid hydrogen usage is sufficiently high at the fueling station, there may be no need to vent any boiloff generated from the LH2 storage tank. Boil-off gas should be minimized through system design, but where needed, the boil-off hydrogen along with any other hydrogen released must be vented through a local vent stack which is constructed to safely vent the hydrogen in accordance with CGA…

In the U.S., liquid hydrogen fueling stations and dispensing equipment are addressed within NFPA 2, Chapter 11. Dispensing is covered within Section 11.3. When liquefied hydrogen is used as the supply for high pressure gaseous fueling, then Chapter 10 of NFPA 2 would apply.
ISO standards are also being developed for global LH2 fueling protocols.
 

Several organizations published a paper together on this topic in 2017 (see attached). Based on comparisons with tests and CFD simulations, the following conclusions were drawn:

  1. The gas concentration for vapor cloud explosion blast load calculations for H2 jets can be limited to approximately 10% to 75%. Note that testing for H2-air VCEs in congested environments has been performed…
Category: Explosions
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